A few years ago a ran across the book entitled Thinking, Fast and Slow by the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science winner Daniel Kahneman.
In short, we have two systems that drive the way we think. System 1 is fast, intuitive, and emotional; System 2 is slower, more deliberative, and more logical. While system 1 may serve us well in many circumstances, we must take the time to examine our fast, initial gut-level thinking and consider that it may be wrong.
For an example of system 1 taking precedence over system 2, I got an email from an undergrad student concerned that his previous extra credit grades were not calculated correctly in his overall course grade. Here is the initial email:
---start email---
Hi Professor,
I just finished the coding assignments and I noticed that even though I got full
points on both assignments the total percentage for my grade went down. Is this
because the extra credit was not a separate assignment/category and was part of
the normal assignment weighting?
Thanks,
John Doe
---end email---
While I empathize with the student in that one does not want to see their overall score lowered when they got perfect scores on subsequent assignments, his gut-level response was in error. After considering his question, here is my response:
---start email---
John,
This is because of the mathematical relationship between the divisor and quotient
in division. Simply put, when the divisor increases and the dividend remains
constant (or does not increase at a constant rate with the divisor), the quotient
will decrease. Here, the divisor increases by 1 for each score. To remain at the
percentage of 106.1111111111111, you would need to score 106.1111111111111 on
each assignment.
Below is the calculation of your course score to date.
100 - assignment 1a
100 - assignment 1b
100 - assignment 2a|
+ 100 - assignment 2b
116.6666666666667 - extra credit (35/30) assignment 3a
120 - extra credit (60/40) assignment 3b
-------------------
636.6666666666667 / 6 = 106.1111111111111 – Your score before assignment 4 a & b
100 - assignment 4a
+ 100 - assignment 4b
-------------------
836.6666666666667 / 8 = 104.5833333333333 – Your score after assignment 4 a & b
---end email---
Now, to be honest, I think my initial reaction to my overall score decreasing would be the same. However, after actually calculating the score, system 2 wins again.